unit+12

= Part 1 =

=== Vocabulary Define: ===
 * aid**- help, typically of a practical nature
 * satellite state**- refers to a country that is formally independent
 * policy of containment**- policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to stall the spread of communism
 * occupy**- fill or take up
 * creation**- the action or process of bringing something into existence
 * arms race-** a competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons, esp. between the U.S. and the former USSR during the Cold War.
 * deterrence**- a thing that discourages or is intended to discourage someone from doing something.
 * administration**- he process or activity of running a business, organization, etc
 * communications**- he imparting or exchanging of information or news
 * domino theory**- the theory that a political event in one country will cause similar events in neighboring countries, like a falling domino causing an entire row of upended dominoes to fall.

=== People and Events Identify: ===


 * Truman Doctrine**- was a policy set forth by U.S. President Harry S Truman on March 12, 1947 stating that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere.


 * Dean Acheson**- was an American statesman and lawyer. As United States Secretary of State in the administration of President Harry S. Truman from 1949 to 1953, he played a central role in defining American foreign policy during the Cold War.


 * Marshall Plan-** was the large-scale economic program, 1947–1951, of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger economic foundation for the countries of Europe. The initiative was named after Secretary of State George Marshall[2] and was largely the creation of State Department officials, especially William L. Clayton and George F. Kennan


 * NATO**- is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, and the organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.


 * Warsaw Pact**- informal name for the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, commonly known as the Warsaw Pact, creating the Warsaw Treaty Organization. The treaty was a mutual defense treaty subscribed to by eight communist states in Eastern Europe. It was established at the USSR’s initiative and realized on 14 May 1955, in Warsaw, Poland.


 * SEATO**- an international organization for collective defense which was signed on September 8, 1954 in Manila. The formal institution of SEATO was established at a meeting of treaty partners in Bangkok in February 1955. It was primarily created to block further communist gains in Southeast Asia. The organization's headquarters were located in Bangkok, Thailand. SEATO was dissolved on June 30, 1977.


 * CENTO**- was adopted in 1955 by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. It was dissolved in 1979. original name was Middle East Treaty Organization or METO, also known as the Baghdad Pact)


 * Nikita Khrushchev**- led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War. He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the partial de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, for backing the progress of the early Soviet space program, and for several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy.

1. How did Stalin and the capitalist West regard each other after World War II? 2. What did the United States and Great Britain believe should happen with the liberated nations of Eastern Europe? 3. After freeing Eastern Europe from the Nazis, what course of action did the Soviet army follow? 4. What was the Truman Doctrine? 5. Describe the program known as the Marshall Plan. 6. What two events in 1949 caused great fear in the United States? 7. What did the member nations of NATO agree to do? 8. How did the Korean War begin in 1950? 9. What organization was formed to stem Soviet aggression in the East? 10. How did Nikita Khrushchev seek to stop the flow of refugees out of East Germany to West Berlin? 11. Name the event in 1962 that brought the world close to nuclear war. 12. What was the “domino theory”?
 * Stalin feared the Capitalists while the US feared Communism**
 * should freely determine their own governments**
 * stayed in the conquered areas.**
 * stated that the United States would provide money to countries (in this case, Greece) threatened by Com- munist expansion.**
 * was followed in June 1947 by the European Recovery Pro- gram. Proposed by General George C. Marshall, U.S. secretary of state, it is better known as the****zones. Plan.**
 * The Truman Doctrine was fol- lowed in June 1947 by the European Recovery Pro- gram. Proposed by General George C. Marshall, U.S. secretary of state, it is better known as the** **zones. Plan**
 * Arms race; Sputnik I**
 * provide mutual help if any one of them was attacked**
 * When The Communist N. Korean Government allied with the Soviets to take over S. Korea**
 * SEATO (SouthEast Asia Treaty Organization)**
 * By creating the Berlin Wall**
 * The Cuban Missile Crisis**
 * The theory that if Northern Vietnam Controlled Southern Vietnam, All southeast Asia will fall to them.**

= Part 2 =

=== Vocabulary Define: ===


 * heavy industry-** the manufacture of large, heavy articles and materials in bulk.
 * conform**- comply with rules, standards, or laws
 * de-Stalinization**- the policy of eradicating the memory or influence of Joseph Stalin and Stalinism, esp. after 1956.
 * symbol**- a thing that represents or stands for

=== People Identify: ===


 * Alexander Solzhenitsyn**- was a Russian and Soviet novelist, dramatist, and historian. Through his often-suppressed writings, he helped to raise global awareness of the Gulag, the Soviet Union's forced labor camp system – particularly in The Gulag Archipelago and One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, two of his best-known works. Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970
 * Tito**- was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman. While his presidency has been criticized as authoritarian, Tito was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad, viewed as a unifying symbol for the nations of the Yugoslav federation. He gained international attention as the chief leader of the "non-aligned movement," working with Nehru of India and Nasser of Egypt.
 * Imre Nagy**- was a Hungarian communist politician who was appointed Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Hungary on two occasions. Nagy's second term ended when his non-Soviet-backed government was brought down by Soviet invasion in the failed Hungarian Revolution of 1956, resulting in Nagy's execution on charges of treason two years later.
 * Alexander Dubcˇek-** was a Slovak politician and briefly leader of Czechoslovakia (1968–1969), famous for his attempt to reform the communist regime during the Prague Spring. Later, after the overthrow of the authoritarian government in 1989, he was Chairman of the federal Czecho-Slovak parliament.

VI. ** Stalin ** remained the undisputed ** master ** of the Soviet Union after World War II. A. By 1950, Russian ** industrial ** production had surpassed pre-war levels. B. The Soviet people were ** XXXXX ** with few consumer goods. C. Stalin’s suspicions added to the increasing ** repres- sion ** of his regime.

II. Nikita Khrushchev emerged as chief Soviet ** politician. ** . A. Khrushchev condemned Stalin for his ** administrative violence **, ** mass repression, **, and ** terror **.

B. Government controls on ** literary ** works were loosened. C. Failed ** U.S. ** policies along with increased ** military **spending hurt the economy.

III. By the end of the war, Soviet ** military forces **occupied most of Eastern Europe.

A. The Eastern European satellite states followed ** Soviet ** example. B. Communism did not develop deep ** roots ** among the people of Eastern Europe. C. The Soviet Union made it clear that no satellite states would become ** independent ** of Soviet control. 1. In spite of reforms in 1956, Poland pledged to remain loyal to the ** Warsaw Pact ** . 2. As Hungary declared itself a ** free nation ** in 1956, the Soviet Army attacked Budapest. 3. Alexander Dubc ̆ek in Czechoslovakia hoped to create ** “social- ism with a human face.” **. 4. The Soviets invaded Czechoslovakia in August 1968 and crushed the ** reform ** movement.

= Part 3 =


 * welfare state-** a government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation
 * role-** the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group
 * bloc-** is a federal political party in Canada devoted to both the protection of Quebec's interests on a federal level as well as the promotion of its sovereignty. As such, it campaigns only within the province during elections.
 * real wages-** refers to wages that have been adjusted for inflation. This term is used in contrast to nominal wages or unadjusted wages.
 * civil rights movement-** movement in the United States beginning in the 1960s and led primarily by Blacks in an effort to establish the civil rights of individual Black citizens
 * consumer society-** Consumerism is a social and economic order that is based on the systematic creation and fostering of a desire to purchase commodity goods in ever greater amounts.
 * women’s liberation movement-** a political, cultural or economic movement aimed at establishing equal rights and legal protection for women. Feminism involves political, cultural and sociological theories, as well as philosophies concerned with issues of gender difference
 * publish-** prepare and issue for public distribution or sale

__ People and Events Identify: __

**Charles de Gaulle-** 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969

**European Economic Community-** The (EEC) in 1993 was an international organization created with a view to bring about economic integration (including a single market) among the Inner Six of European integration; the Western European countries of Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.

**John F. Kennedy-** May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. He was the second-youngest President (after Theodore Roosevelt), the first 20th Century born President,[3] and the youngest elected to the office, at the age of 43.

**Martin Luther King, Jr-** (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African American civil rights movement. He is best known for being an iconic figure in the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world, using nonviolent methods following the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi. He is known for his values on peace, love and a heroic leader of modern american liberalism.

**Simone de Beauvoir-** (January 9, 1908 – April 14, 1986), was a French existentialist philosopher, public intellectual, and social theorist. She wrote novels, essays, biographies, an autobiography in several volumes, and monographs on philosophy, politics, and social issues.

1. By 1950, ** industrial ** output in Europe was 30 percent above prewar levels. 2. This ** economic ** recovery continued well into the 1950s and 1960s. 3. One man—the war hero ** Charles de Gaulle **, dominated the history of France for nearly a quarter of a century after the war. 4. Under ** Adenauer **, West Germany experienced an “economic miracle.” 5. An economic ** downturn ** in the mid-1960s opened the door to the Social Democratic Party. 6. Under Clement Attlee, the new Prime Minister, the British Labour government set out to create a modern ** welfare state **. 7. In 1957, six Western European countries signed the Rome Treaty and created the ** Common Market ** 8. The ideals of Franklin Roosevelt’s ** New Deal ** largely determined the patterns of American domestic politics. 9. Cold War struggles abroad led to the widespread fear that Communists had ** infiltrated ** the United States. 10. Thousands of American soldiers were sent to ** Korea ** to fight and die in a war against Communist aggression. 11. The civil rights movement had its beginnings in 1954, when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that racial ** segregation ** in public schools was illegal. 12. With Richard Nixon’s election in 1968, a shift to the political ** right ** in American politics began.