Vocabulary Define: labor - work, esp. hard physical work
demilita- rized - remove all military forces from (an area)
appeasement - pacify or placate (someone) by acceding to their demands
achieve - reach or attain (a desired objective, level, or result) by effort, skill, or courage
conference - a formal meeting for discussion
New Order - a new system, regime, or government
assume - suppose to be the case, without proof
sanction - a threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule
People
Identify: Adolf Hitler - 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, abbreviated NSDAP), commonly known as the Nazi Party. He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and served as head of state as Führer und Reichskanzler from 1934 to 1945. Hitler is most remembered for his central leadership role in the rise of fascism in Europe, World War II and the Holocaust. Benito Mussolini - 29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism. Mussolini became the 40th Prime Minister of Italy in 1922 and began using the title Il Duce by 1925. After 1936, his official title was "His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Duce of Fascism, and Founder of the Empire". Joseph Stalin - (18 December 1878[1] – 5 March 1953) was the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953. While formally the office of the General Secretary was elective and was not initially regarded as top position in the Soviet state, after Vladimir Lenin's death in 1924, Stalin managed to consolidate more and more power in his hands, gradually putting down all opposition groups within the party. Chiang Kai-shek - (October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) was a political and military leader of 20th century China. He is known as Jiǎng Jièshí or Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng in Mandarin. Chiang was an influential member of the Nationalist Party, the Kuomintang (KMT), and was a close ally of Sun Yat-sen. He became the Commandant of the Kuomintang's Whampoa Military Academy, and took Sun's place as leader of the KMT when Sun died in 1925. In 1928, Chiang led the Northern Expedition to unify the country, becoming China's nominal leader
DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions as you read Section 1.
1. Where did Hitler plan to find the land he felt he needed to make Germany a great power? - Czechoslovakia
2. What was the name given to the Aryan racial state that Hitler thought would dominate Europe for a thousand years? - Slavic Peoples, German Peasants.
3. When Hitler announced the creation of an air force, and expanded the German army, what agreement did he violate? - Treaty of Versailles
4. What did Mussolini call the new alliance between Italy and Germany? - Rome-Berlin Axis
5. What did Neville Chamberlain boast of when he returned to England from the confer- ence in Munich in 1938? - that the agreement meant "peace for our time."
6. What did Hitler declare in Prague on March 15, 1939? - he declared that he would be known as the greatest German of them all.
7. Name the act committed by German forces that prompted Britain and France to declare war on Hitler. - Hostile Act
8. Why did Japan seize Manchuria in 1931? - Chinese Attack on a Japanese Railway near the city of Mukden
9. Why did Japan begin to cooperate with Nazi Germany in the late 1930s? - Assumed that the 2 countries would ultimately launch a joint attack on the Soviet Union and divide Soviet resources between them.
10. How did Japan react when the United States threatened economic sanctions unless Japan returned to its borders of 1931? - they freaked, and risked losing raw materials from the United States
PART TWO - THE COURSE OF WORLD WAR II
Vocabulary Define:
blitzkrieg - an intense military campaign intended to bring about a swift victory isola- tionism - a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, esp. the political affairs of other countries. neutrality - not helping or supporting either of two opposing sides, esp. countries at war; impartial indefinite - lasting for an unknown or unstated length of time partisan - a strong supporter of a party, cause, or person.
People Identify:
Franklin D. Roosevelt - (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945-was the 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945) and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. The only American president elected to more than two terms, he forged a durable coalition that realigned American politics for decades. FDR defeated incumbent Republican Herbert Hoover in November 1932, at the depths of the Great Depression. Douglas MacArthur - January 26, 1880 – April 5, 1964) was an American general and field marshal of the Philippine Army. He was a Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines Campaign. Arthur MacArthur, Jr., and Douglas MacArthur were the first father and son to each be awarded the medal. He was one of only five men ever to rise to the rank of general of the army in the U.S. Army, and the only man ever to become a field marshal in the Philippine Army. Winston Churchill - (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British politician and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World War (WWII). He is widely regarded as one of the great wartime leaders. He served as Prime Minister twice (1940–45 and 1951–55). A noted statesman and orator, Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian, a writer, and an artist. To date, he is the only British prime minister to have received the Nobel Prize in Literature, and he was the first person to be made an honorary citizen of the United States. Harry S. Truman - (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953). As President Franklin D. Roosevelt's third vice-president and the 34th Vice President of the United States (1945), he succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when President Roosevelt died less than three months after beginning his historic fourth term. During World War I, Truman served in combat in France as an artillery officer in his National Guard unit. After the war he became part of the Democratic Party political machine of Tom Pendergast in Kansas City.
DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 2.
Hitler stunned Europe with the (1) speed and (2) efficiency of his attack on Poland. His (3) blitzkrieg or “lightning war,” used panzer divisions supported by airplanes. Within four weeks, Poland had (4) surrendered . At the beginning of August 1940, the German air force launched a major offensive against (5) Britain. German planes bombed British (6) air and naval bases, (7) harbors , (8) communication centers , and (9) war industries. Hitler invaded the (10) Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. An early (11) winter and fierce Soviet (12) resistance halted the German advance.
On December 7, 1941, Japanese aircraft attacked the U.S. naval base at (13) Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian Islands. The United States now joined with European nations and (14) Nationalist China in a combined effort to defeat Japan. (15) Germany and the United States were at war four days after the Pearl Harbor attack.
At the beginning of 1943, the Allies, Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union, agreed to fight until the Axis powers, Germany, Italy, and Japan, surrendered (16)unconditionally . By the fall of 1942, the war had turned (17) against the Germans. On June 6, 1944, Allied forces under U.S. general Dwight D. Eisenhower landed on the (18) Normandy beaches in history’s greatest naval invasion. Hitler committed (19)suicide on April 30, 1945, and German commanders surrendered on May 7. In Asia, U.S. President Harry S Truman made the difficult decision to use (20) atomic weapons against Japan and avoid an invasion of Japan. After the bombing of (21)Hiroshima and (22) Nagasaki , Japan surrendered on August 14, 1945.
PART THREE - THE NEW ORDER AND THE HOLOCAUST
Vocabulary
Define:
implement - a tool, utensil, or other piece of equipment, esp. as used for a particular purpose
geno- cide - the deliberate killing of a large group of people, esp. those of a particular ethnic group or nation.
adjust - alter or move (something) slightly in order to achieve the desired fit, appearance, or result
collaborator - work jointly on an activity, esp. to produce or create something
People
Identify:
Heinrich Himmler - 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was Reichsführer of the SS, a military commander, and a leading member of the Nazi Party. As Chief of the German Police and later the Minister of the Interior, Himmler oversaw all internal and external police and security forces, including the Gestapo (Secret State Police). Serving as Reichsführer and later as Commander of the Replacement (Home) Army and General Plenipotentiary for the entire Reich's administration Reinhard Heydrich - (7 March 1904 – 4 June 1942) was a high-ranking German Nazi official. He was SS-Obergruppenführer (English: General) and General der Polizei, chief of the Reich Main Security Office (including the SD, Gestapo and Kripo) and Stellvertretender Reichsprotektor (Deputy Reich-Protector) of Bohemia and Moravia. In August 1940, he was appointed and served as President of Interpol (the international law enforcement agency). In an operation named Operation Anthropoid, he was attacked in Prague on 27 May 1942 by British-trained Czech agents who had been sent to assassinate him in Prague. He died approximately one week later due to his injuries.
DIRECTIONS: Complete the outline below as you read Section 3.
I. In 1942, the Nazi regime stretched from the English Chanel to Moscow .
A. Himmler moved Slavic people in the East and replaced them with Germans
B. By summer, 1944, seven million Europeans were forced to work for the Nazis.
II. The Final Solution in Hitler’s Europe was genocide of the Jewish people.
A. Einsatzgruppen were SS death squads whose job was to kill Jews by mass murder.
B. Six extermination centers were built in Poland for mass executions of Jews.
C. The Germans killed between five and six million Jews.
D. The mass slaughter of European civilians, especially Jews, is called the Holocaust .
E. Many children were evacuated from cities to avoid the bombing campaigns.
1. The Germans created 9,000 camps for children in the country side .
2. In Japan, 15,000 children were evacuated from Hiroshima before its destruction.
III. The Japanese conquered Southeast Asia under the slogan "Asia for the Asiactics" .
A. Economic resources of the colonies were used for the Japanese war machine.
B. Indonesians were required to bow in the direction of Tokoyo.
C. Over 12,000 Allied prisoners of war and 90,000 workers died while working on the Burma-Thailand railway.
PART 4 - THE HOME FRONT AND THE AFTERMATH OF THE WAR
Vocabulary
Define:
mobilization - work jointly on an activity, esp. to produce or create something
impact - the action of one object coming forcibly into contact with another
kamikaze - a Japanese aircraft loaded with explosives and making a deliberate suicidal crash on an enemy target.
alternative - available as another possibility
Cold War - a state of political hostility existing between countries, characterized by threats, violent propaganda, subversive activities, and other measures short of open warfare, in particular
People and Events
Identify:
Albert Speer - March 19, 1905 – September 1, 1981) was a German architect who was, for a part of World War II, Minister of Armaments and War Production for the Third Reich. Speer was Adolf Hitler's chief architect before assuming ministerial office. As "the Nazi who said sorry",[2] he accepted responsibility at the Nuremberg trials and in his memoirs for crimes of the Nazi regime. His level of involvement in the persecution of the Jews and his level of knowledge of the Holocaust remain matters of dispute. General Hideki Tojo - (30 December 1884 – 23 December 1948) was a Japanese general in the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA), a leader of the Taisei Yokusankai, and the 40th Prime Minister of Japan during much of World War II, from 18 October 1941 to 22 July 1944. Some historians hold him responsible for the attack on Pearl Harbor, which led to America entering World War II. After the end of the war, Tōjō was sentenced to death for war crimes by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and hanged on 23 December 1948.
DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 4.
1. Even more than World War I, World War II was a total war in which fighting was much more widespread and covered most of the world.
2. Eventually the United States became the Arsenal of the Allied powers, producing much of the military equipment needed by the Allies.
3. Over a million African Americans moved from the rural South in the United States, to the cities of the North and West, looking for jobs in industry.
4. On the West Coast, 110,000 Japanese Americans were removed to camps and required to take loyalty oaths.
5. Hitler refused to cut consumer goods production or to increase production of arnaments during the first two years of the war.
6. Young Japanese were encouraged to volunteer to serve as pilots in suicide missions against U.S. fighting ships
at sea.
7. The first sustained use of civilian bombing began in early September 1940, as Londoners took the first heavy blows from the German air force.
8. The ferocious bombing of Dresden created a firestorm that may have killed as many as 100,000 inhabitants and refugees.
9. Fearing high U.S. casualties in a land invasion of Japan, President Truman and his advisers decided to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasakiin August 1945.
10. At the Tehran Conference, the Soviet Union, the United States, and Great Britain agreed to a partition of postwar Germany.
11. Salin said, “A freely elected government in any of these East European countries would be anti-Soviet, and that we cannot allow.”
12. In March 1946, the former British prime minister Winston Churchill declared that "an iron curtain" had descended across the continent of Europe.
13. While many in the West thought Soviet policy was part of a global communist conspiracy, the Soviets viewed Western, and especially American, policy as nothing less than global capitalist expansion .
PART ONE - PATHS TO WAR
Vocabulary
Define:
labor - work, esp. hard physical work
demilita- rized - remove all military forces from (an area)
appeasement - pacify or placate (someone) by acceding to their demands
achieve - reach or attain (a desired objective, level, or result) by effort, skill, or courage
conference - a formal meeting for discussion
New Order - a new system, regime, or government
assume - suppose to be the case, without proof
sanction - a threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule
People
Identify:
Adolf Hitler - 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, abbreviated NSDAP), commonly known as the Nazi Party. He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and served as head of state as Führer und Reichskanzler from 1934 to 1945. Hitler is most remembered for his central leadership role in the rise of fascism in Europe, World War II and the Holocaust.
Benito Mussolini - 29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism. Mussolini became the 40th Prime Minister of Italy in 1922 and began using the title Il Duce by 1925. After 1936, his official title was "His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Duce of Fascism, and Founder of the Empire".
Joseph Stalin - (18 December 1878[1] – 5 March 1953) was the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953. While formally the office of the General Secretary was elective and was not initially regarded as top position in the Soviet state, after Vladimir Lenin's death in 1924, Stalin managed to consolidate more and more power in his hands, gradually putting down all opposition groups within the party.
Chiang Kai-shek - (October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) was a political and military leader of 20th century China. He is known as Jiǎng Jièshí or Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng in Mandarin. Chiang was an influential member of the Nationalist Party, the Kuomintang (KMT), and was a close ally of Sun Yat-sen. He became the Commandant of the Kuomintang's Whampoa Military Academy, and took Sun's place as leader of the KMT when Sun died in 1925. In 1928, Chiang led the Northern Expedition to unify the country, becoming China's nominal leader
DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions as you read Section 1.
1. Where did Hitler plan to find the land he felt he needed to make Germany a great power? - Czechoslovakia
2. What was the name given to the Aryan racial state that Hitler thought would dominate Europe for a thousand years? - Slavic Peoples, German Peasants.
3. When Hitler announced the creation of an air force, and expanded the German army, what agreement did he violate? - Treaty of Versailles
4. What did Mussolini call the new alliance between Italy and Germany? - Rome-Berlin Axis
5. What did Neville Chamberlain boast of when he returned to England from the confer- ence in Munich in 1938? - that the agreement meant "peace for our time."
6. What did Hitler declare in Prague on March 15, 1939? - he declared that he would be known as the greatest German of them all.
7. Name the act committed by German forces that prompted Britain and France to declare war on Hitler. - Hostile Act
8. Why did Japan seize Manchuria in 1931? - Chinese Attack on a Japanese Railway near the city of Mukden
9. Why did Japan begin to cooperate with Nazi Germany in the late 1930s? - Assumed that the 2 countries would ultimately launch a joint attack on the Soviet Union and divide Soviet resources between them.
10. How did Japan react when the United States threatened economic sanctions unless Japan returned to its borders of 1931? - they freaked, and risked losing raw materials from the United States
PART TWO - THE COURSE OF WORLD WAR II
Vocabulary
Define:
blitzkrieg - an intense military campaign intended to bring about a swift victory
isola- tionism - a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, esp. the political affairs of other countries.
neutrality - not helping or supporting either of two opposing sides, esp. countries at war; impartial
indefinite - lasting for an unknown or unstated length of time
partisan - a strong supporter of a party, cause, or person.
People
Identify:
Franklin D. Roosevelt - (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945-was the 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945) and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. The only American president elected to more than two terms, he forged a durable coalition that realigned American politics for decades. FDR defeated incumbent Republican Herbert Hoover in November 1932, at the depths of the Great Depression.
Douglas MacArthur - January 26, 1880 – April 5, 1964) was an American general and field marshal of the Philippine Army. He was a Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines Campaign. Arthur MacArthur, Jr., and Douglas MacArthur were the first father and son to each be awarded the medal. He was one of only five men ever to rise to the rank of general of the army in the U.S. Army, and the only man ever to become a field marshal in the Philippine Army.
Winston Churchill - (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British politician and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World War (WWII). He is widely regarded as one of the great wartime leaders. He served as Prime Minister twice (1940–45 and 1951–55). A noted statesman and orator, Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian, a writer, and an artist. To date, he is the only British prime minister to have received the Nobel Prize in Literature, and he was the first person to be made an honorary citizen of the United States.
Harry S. Truman - (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953). As President Franklin D. Roosevelt's third vice-president and the 34th Vice President of the United States (1945), he succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when President Roosevelt died less than three months after beginning his historic fourth term. During World War I, Truman served in combat in France as an artillery officer in his National Guard unit. After the war he became part of the Democratic Party political machine of Tom Pendergast in Kansas City.
DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 2.
Hitler stunned Europe with the (1) speed and (2) efficiency of his attack on Poland. His (3) blitzkrieg or “lightning war,” used panzer divisions supported by airplanes. Within four weeks, Poland had (4) surrendered . At the beginning of August 1940, the German air force launched a major offensive against (5) Britain. German planes bombed British (6) air and naval bases, (7) harbors , (8) communication centers , and (9) war industries. Hitler invaded the (10) Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. An early (11) winter and fierce Soviet (12) resistance halted the German advance.
On December 7, 1941, Japanese aircraft attacked the U.S. naval base at (13) Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian Islands. The United States now joined with European nations and (14) Nationalist China in a combined effort to defeat Japan. (15) Germany and the United States were at war four days after the Pearl Harbor attack.
At the beginning of 1943, the Allies, Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union, agreed to fight until the Axis powers, Germany, Italy, and Japan, surrendered (16)unconditionally . By the fall of 1942, the war had turned (17) against the Germans.
On June 6, 1944, Allied forces under U.S. general Dwight D. Eisenhower landed on the (18) Normandy beaches in history’s greatest naval invasion. Hitler committed (19)suicide on April 30, 1945, and German commanders surrendered on May 7.
In Asia, U.S. President Harry S Truman made the difficult decision to use (20) atomic weapons against Japan and avoid an invasion of Japan. After the bombing of (21)Hiroshima and (22) Nagasaki , Japan surrendered on August 14, 1945.
PART THREE - THE NEW ORDER AND THE HOLOCAUST
Vocabulary
Define:
implement - a tool, utensil, or other piece of equipment, esp. as used for a particular purpose
geno- cide - the deliberate killing of a large group of people, esp. those of a particular ethnic group or nation.
adjust - alter or move (something) slightly in order to achieve the desired fit, appearance, or result
collaborator - work jointly on an activity, esp. to produce or create something
People
Identify:
Heinrich Himmler - 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was Reichsführer of the SS, a military commander, and a leading member of the Nazi Party. As Chief of the German Police and later the Minister of the Interior, Himmler oversaw all internal and external police and security forces, including the Gestapo (Secret State Police). Serving as Reichsführer and later as Commander of the Replacement (Home) Army and General Plenipotentiary for the entire Reich's administration
Reinhard Heydrich - (7 March 1904 – 4 June 1942) was a high-ranking German Nazi official. He was SS-Obergruppenführer (English: General) and General der Polizei, chief of the Reich Main Security Office (including the SD, Gestapo and Kripo) and Stellvertretender Reichsprotektor (Deputy Reich-Protector) of Bohemia and Moravia. In August 1940, he was appointed and served as President of Interpol (the international law enforcement agency). In an operation named Operation Anthropoid, he was attacked in Prague on 27 May 1942 by British-trained Czech agents who had been sent to assassinate him in Prague. He died approximately one week later due to his injuries.
DIRECTIONS: Complete the outline below as you read Section 3.
I. In 1942, the Nazi regime stretched from the English Chanel to Moscow .
A. Himmler moved Slavic people in the East and replaced them with Germans
B. By summer, 1944, seven million Europeans were forced to work for the Nazis.
II. The Final Solution in Hitler’s Europe was genocide of the Jewish people.
A. Einsatzgruppen were SS death squads whose job was to kill Jews by mass murder.
B. Six extermination centers were built in Poland for mass executions of Jews.
C. The Germans killed between five and six million Jews.
D. The mass slaughter of European civilians, especially Jews, is called the Holocaust .
E. Many children were evacuated from cities to avoid the bombing campaigns.
1. The Germans created 9,000 camps for children in the country side .
2. In Japan, 15,000 children were evacuated from Hiroshima before its destruction.
III. The Japanese conquered Southeast Asia under the slogan "Asia for the Asiactics" .
A. Economic resources of the colonies were used for the Japanese war machine.
B. Indonesians were required to bow in the direction of Tokoyo.
C. Over 12,000 Allied prisoners of war and 90,000 workers died while working on the Burma-Thailand railway.
PART 4 - THE HOME FRONT AND THE AFTERMATH OF THE WAR
Vocabulary
Define:
mobilization - work jointly on an activity, esp. to produce or create something
impact - the action of one object coming forcibly into contact with another
kamikaze - a Japanese aircraft loaded with explosives and making a deliberate suicidal crash on an enemy target.
alternative - available as another possibility
Cold War - a state of political hostility existing between countries, characterized by threats, violent propaganda, subversive activities, and other measures short of open warfare, in particular
People and Events
Identify:
Albert Speer - March 19, 1905 – September 1, 1981) was a German architect who was, for a part of World War II, Minister of Armaments and War Production for the Third Reich. Speer was Adolf Hitler's chief architect before assuming ministerial office. As "the Nazi who said sorry",[2] he accepted responsibility at the Nuremberg trials and in his memoirs for crimes of the Nazi regime. His level of involvement in the persecution of the Jews and his level of knowledge of the Holocaust remain matters of dispute.
General Hideki Tojo - (30 December 1884 – 23 December 1948) was a Japanese general in the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA), a leader of the Taisei Yokusankai, and the 40th Prime Minister of Japan during much of World War II, from 18 October 1941 to 22 July 1944. Some historians hold him responsible for the attack on Pearl Harbor, which led to America entering World War II. After the end of the war, Tōjō was sentenced to death for war crimes by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and hanged on 23 December 1948.
DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 4.
1. Even more than World War I, World War II was a total war in which fighting was much more widespread and covered most of the world.
2. Eventually the United States became the Arsenal of the Allied powers, producing much of the military equipment needed by the Allies.
3. Over a million African Americans moved from the rural South in the United States, to the cities of the North and West, looking for jobs in industry.
4. On the West Coast, 110,000 Japanese Americans were removed to camps and required to take loyalty oaths.
5. Hitler refused to cut consumer goods production or to increase production of arnaments during the first two years of the war.
6. Young Japanese were encouraged to volunteer to serve as pilots in suicide missions against U.S. fighting ships
at sea.
7. The first sustained use of civilian bombing began in early September 1940, as Londoners took the first heavy blows from the German air force.
8. The ferocious bombing of Dresden created a firestorm that may have killed as many as 100,000 inhabitants and refugees.
9. Fearing high U.S. casualties in a land invasion of Japan, President Truman and his advisers decided to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasakiin August 1945.
10. At the Tehran Conference, the Soviet Union, the United States, and Great Britain agreed to a partition of postwar Germany.
11. Salin said, “A freely elected government in any of these East European countries would be anti-Soviet, and that we cannot allow.”
12. In March 1946, the former British prime minister Winston Churchill declared that "an iron curtain" had descended across the continent of Europe.
13. While many in the West thought Soviet policy was part of a global communist conspiracy, the Soviets viewed Western, and especially American, policy as nothing less than global capitalist expansion .